Evaluating And Interpreting Student s Learning For The...

Assessment is a process of analyzing, evaluating and interpreting student’s learning for the future planning. Godinho (2011) believed that accurate assessment of student learning is fundamental to making informed decisions about lesson planning. It requires the teachers to have an understanding of the different tools of assessment such as formative and summative. The standard also requires teachers to know how to interpret the collected data, which informs the further teaching practices. In addition, the teachers are required to continuously provide feedback to students on their learning through different methods, for example, verbal, written, in the form of report. Further, teachers are expected to write reports on students’ achievements†¦show more content†¦Feedback can be positive or negative, which impacts on the students’ behaviour. Assessment, feedback and the reports work as â€Å"operants† to affect the students’ learning. Standard 6: Engage in professional learning With the rapid change in the society in the form of informational technology, media and communication technology, the teachers are expected to have the knowledge more than the classroom teaching. Department of training and education considers â€Å"professional learning as something that occurs outside normal work practices, something additional, usually provided by someone from outside your workplace† (DET, n.d). It is essential for the teachers to be a part of the professional learning programs run by the department of education in the form of professional development, workshops, training session and online courses. The professional learning provides extra knowledge and skills to teachers to improve teaching and learning in the classroom. The Australian Charter for the Professional Learning of Teachers and School Leaders articulates the expectation that all teachers and school leaders actively engage in professional learning throughout their careers (AITSL, 2012). The profes sional learning aims to enhance the teachers’ skills for the better outcomes from the students. Learning is a lifelong process. According to the age and stage theory, â€Å"Learning is something that

The Issue and History of Illiteracy Among African Americans

The Issue And History Of Illiteracy Among African Americans Becca White Writing 123 Instructor Sydney Darby 27 May 2008 Illiteracy is a growing issue in America. The U.S. Department of Education funded the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) in 1992 that estimates over 90 million Americans fall well below an eight grade literacy level (Rome, 2004, pp. 84). Nowhere is this tragedy more prevalent than among the impoverished African Americans. Illiteracy has always been higher among African Americans now the gap is growing even wider due to a verity of reasons. According to the National Assessment of Adult Literacy Prison Survey (2003), the number one deterrent to becoming a criminal is having the ability to read past the†¦show more content†¦The eighties saw African American males fall further than any other group in terms of wages and jobs (Foner, 2006, pp. 920). The eighties also saw the War on Drugs begin with new sentencing laws making prison sentences longer and harsher for possession of much smaller quantities of crack and cocaine (Foner, 2006, pp. 951). With the waning of the crack epidemic, crime rates dropped across the country however prison population are still on the rise (Foner, 2006, pp. 951). In 2000, over 2 million men were in prison with approximately 4.2 million more on parole, or probation, convict labor is now in use again in several States (Foner, 2006, pp. 951). Among prison inmates, African American men make up more than 70%, and represents only 6% of the total US population. The common thread is most of the black inmates cannot read, they also are less educated than their fathers had been (Nealy, 2008, pp. 21). It is estimated that as much as 70% of inmates are illiterate, and that 40-70% have not finished a GED or high school program (Drakeford, 2002, pp. 139). 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Ethical Business Challenges and Controversies †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Business for Challenges and Controversies. Answer: Introduction The relationship between the society and individual is a closely knitted one. This is particularly because the society is deemed as the regulatory body which sets out customs and the ground rules for the human behaviour. These rules and customs formed by the society have an impact on the individuals and even on the manner in which they interact (Lin, Duan Zhao, 2012). The individuals form the society and they live and act in the society. Hence, without the combination of these individuals, the society is nothing. Conversely, the society is present to serve the individuals and the same is not true other way round. Even though society and individuals go hand in hand, more than often, there is a conflict between the needs of the society and the rights which are available to the individuals (Wong Wardega, 2015). This is a natural tension which exists in the society due to the needs of the individuals and their interests being on one side, and the welfare, security and safety of the soc iety being taken as a whole, on the other side. And this makes it necessary to strike a balance between these two in a manner that the individuals could choose their own path and the society is able to encourage public order, productivity and morality (Hillier Barrow, 2014). Through this thesis, an attempt has been made to show that the state should refrain from interfering with the rights of the individuals. This research also attempts to answer to the question regarding to what extent the liberties of the citizens can be restricted by the state for serving the common good. Further, to also answer the extent to which the protection of the welfare of the public is being used to erode or curtail the fundamental rights (Bayer, 2007). The main question however is whether the needs of the society be given more importance than the individual rights, or not? Schudson (2015) quoted Thomas Jefferson where he had stated that "information is the currency of democracy" or that is this is an easy thing to be learnt online. The reality is that no such quote was given by Jefferson. And naturally, the people who run the webpage of Jeffersons home located at Monticello were unable to find this quote in any of the papers of Jefferson. In reality, there is no need of spending any time in searching this as the American founders seldom spoke on the topic of democracy and the American form of government could be labelled as republican, instead of democratic. Schudson (2015) did not stop here and continued to cite the history of US to highlight that transparency was not something which was advocated in the US government and that here had been various instances in the North American history where the full access to relevant information was not given to the citizens. The reason for such behaviour was the need to protect the society as a whole by denying a n individual their right to full information. At times there are good reasons for adopting secrecy particularly when it comes to the privacy rights. When the terror attacks took place in Mumbai, India, in November 2012, each and every detail of the last communication of the victims was repeated in the media (CNN Library, 2016). This information was not useful and also did not reveal anything which could impact the operations being conducted. But one cannot deny that the media had overstepped their limits. This was because they not only attained the personal information of a person but also published the same. In the name of presenting the society the truth, the individual rights were sidelined (Makhija, 2011). The scandal associated with the use of personal email account of Hilary Clinton is another key example of this. This case throws light upon the clash between public right to information and a legitimate confidentiality of internal communications (2015). But this raises a question on whether the people with power have the r ight to use the society as a shield to stop actions against themselves? Schudson (2015) implied that at times, the personal interest of the ones who run the society, can be misused to shield their personal interests, thus, not only cancelling out the right of information of another, but also keeping their personal interest over the society. When such happens, the reasons which make the upholding of societys interest over the interests of individuals become unjustified. The reason for apprehending Edward Snowden thus becomes controversial as at one hand, he is being stopped from leaking such information which could harm the society, and on the other hand, he may present such information which presents the truth related to the US government and the potential misuse of the positions held by those in administration. One of the articles which appeared in The Telegraph stated that the governments should refrain from intervening in the family life of an individual (The Telegraph, 2007). The government here refers to the society, which regulates even over the fa mily life of an individual, where the interest of the family could, at times, be set aside. Truell (2016) rightly highlighted that social work pertains to the whole of society instead of a particular person. Starkman (2016) covered the student debate on the topic that is national security more important than individual right to privacy, where this issue was discussed in a compelling manner. The key points which made the interest of the society to be given more emphasis than the individual rights included the greater public protection offered due to it, particularly to the immigrants, minorities and LGBTQ community. For instance, if a particular person does not have positive views about minorities being allowed in Australia, such individual cannot exercise any individual right against the members of such minorities and thus, for the good of society, the needs of an individual would be ignored. The key point which needs to be highlighted here was that the privacy is guaranteed through the Constitution and denying this right is a breach of constitution. Further, privacy cannot be just deemed as a right which is available to the elite and this makes it necessary for it to be available to every citizen. A democracy cannot function where every time the individual right is curbed on the basis of the societys need being more important than the individual. The society is formed of individuals and to uphold the interest of a group of people over an individual is not justified. Often in this regard, the reason given for upholding the interest of the society as against the rights of individuals is given to be the ones who create nuisance and disrupt peace. It is quoted that when it comes to the rights of a terrorist, it cannot be upheld, due to the fact that they are there to harm the society. In one of the reports of BBC, the acting UN High Commissioner, Dr Bertrand Ramcharan stated that when it comes to striking a balance between human rights and security, the human rights have to take a back-step for the security of the society particularly when the terrorists utterly disregard the human rights and the respect towards life (BBC, 2004). In order to enhance the productivity in the society and to propagate morality, there is a need for upholding the interests of the society before the rights of an individual. Chin (2016) rightly highlighted that even though there was a need for the freedom of speech, but it had to be coupled with certain restrictions. This i s particularly true with reference to the rights of the individuals to be granted, but with certain inherent restrictions, so that the individuals do not go around doing anything, just by citing that they have certain rights. Literature Review Foulkes (2003) repeated the words which his philosophical friend stated to him that It always comes down to a conflict between the individual and the community. But he believed that there was no conflict in the needs of the society and that of the individual. In order to explain this, he went down to the very definition of the society. He stated society as being regularities, the ground rules and the customs of the inter-human behaviour. Such practices and their acceptances were crucial to the manner in which the humans act, as well as, the manner in which they interact with others. He stated that the society was not independent of the human beings. In this regard, he even quoted Ludwig von Mises where he had stated the individuals not only live, but act in the society; hence, the society was nothing but an amalgamation of people for the cooperative efforts (Kinsella, 2009). Instead of talking about an eternal conflict, Foulkes (2003) believed that the common good should be upheld an d this conflict should be discarded. However, Kaur (2005) provided an entirely different view in this regard. She stated that every individual is unique and so are the circumstances faced by them. And this makes the chances of clash between the interests of individuals, as inescapable. Where a group of individuals come together, it results in a clash between a group and an individual. And when this group is given the form of a society, it becomes a clash between the society and the individuals, owing to the difference in their interests. Hossain Ali (2014) believed that this conflict was more of a philosophical one, instead of being a sociological one due to the fact that it relates to the questions of values. They highlighted the need of respecting human values and idealism in order to minimize the conflict which takes place between the society and the individuals. Spielvogel (2013) stated that the government should refrain from interfering with the economic liberty which an individual has and should only concentrate on the three basic functions, i.e., defending the nation, providing the police protection to the individuals and the maintenance, as well as, construction of the public works which was too expensive for the individuals to undertake. He also gave his views on political liberalism where he stated that the society should not interfere with the rights of individual. They stated that the individuals had the right to be liberated particularly when it comes to the separation of state and church. He believed that every individual should be given the right to practice their religion and the state should not interfere when it comes to the issues revolving around religion. In this regard, some scholars have noted that in a liberal state, the lifestyle choices of the individuals are seen as a personal decision where the state should refrain from interfering. This is crucial to uphold the freedom to live a life, of an individual, which is valued by such individual and for valuing which, he has the proper reasons. So, the realm of private decisions of the individual should not be interfered by the state (Potthast Meisch, 2012). The state here refers to the society, which forms the law and regulates over the individuals. When the basic features of liberalism are considered, it is seen as something which is primarily related to the free life, or freedom, or as can be stated as otherwise, provides the free life to the individuals as being the key goal of politics. Hence, it is the duty of the states to interfere with the life of an individual and avoid coercion, and should also promote the requisite conditions for free life (Rawls, 2011). Ebeling (2016) hel d similar views where he stated that the individual rights had to be preserved without the government constantly interfering with them. However, Brink (2013) made reference to the Mills harm principle to state the situations where the society had to take steps and interfere when it comes to the greater good. This principle was also referred to by Lacewing (2014) where he stated that when it comes to the harmful actions, particularly when something being done is out of law or is immoral, then in the general interest, the society should interfere. He stated that there were certain actions which harmed the others and so, these should never be allowed, even when it means that the individual rights would have to be curbed. For instance, where certain economic action leads to the general public losing their money; such economic action would have to be stopped. This can be in form of a fraud or something else. However, the general rule is that competition should be promoted so the competition, in economic action sense, should only be curbed when it comes to the notion of general interest and greater good. This principle of harm can also be applied to the omissions or inactions, which can possibly injure others. So, for instance, killing someone is not only illegal but also unethical; but when it comes to a terrorist gunning down innocent civilians, the killing of such individual could be mandated by the society in the general interest, which would be again, a breach of the rights which such terrorist had, by being an individual. However, there is a need to keep such interferences to the minimal. This is because the rights of the individual are paramount and there is a need to make certain that the rights of the individuals are not infringed in an unfair manner (Mellahi, Morrell Wood, 2010). In this regard, there is a need to apply the ethical principle of utilitarianism, where such actions are deemed ethical which benefits the entire society, instead of an individual (Bykvist, 2010). Advice to Parliament On the basis of the analysis which took place in the preceding segments, certain recommendations can be put forward for the Parliament, when it comes to the regulation of the issues highlighted above. These recommendations are not only restricted to the Parliament of Australia, but across all the nations, as every nation faces a conflict between the rights of an individual and that of society, as was aptly highlighted through the examples of USA and India in the previous segment. The very first recommendation which proves helpful when it comes to a clash between the rights of an individual and the interest of the society is to chalk out a clear policy, which acts as a guideline for the steps to be undertaken when faced with such a clash. In essence, there is a need to clearly state the criteria where the individual rights can be suppressed or completely denied. There is a need to provide proper reasons for doing so. As in the cases where confidential information is often cited as the reason for breach of individual rights, a panel should be formed, which could make the decision on whether the undertaken suppression of individual right was done on justified grounds. Next in line comes the law to be regulated in a comprehensible and lucid manner, so that the individuals could understand that based on a particular law, for instance the privacy law, there right had been restricted or infringed. Instead of simply stating that the information provided by Snowden is wrong, there is a need to prove it to the world that this information breaches the security laws of the nation, and this is the reason for punishing Snowdens right to speak. In this regard, the panel formed through the first recommendation can state the reasons, based on the policy formed, for suppression of Snowdens rights. There is a need for the society to actually take into consideration the entire case, particularly with reference to the individual, whose rights are being cancelled out. In other words, there have to be strong and compelling reasons for denying the rights of an individual and there is a need to be clear that the greater good is so great, that it makes it obligatory for society to curb the rights of an individual. In this regard, the individual whose right has been suppressed needs to be given an opportunity, before a competent court, and if needed, the same can be a closed court, to raise the issue of their right being breached, so that at least the individual is given a right to claim his freedom. Even though this right is present to the individuals at the present time, but the same is more than often, suppressed due to political pressure. Conclusion The discussion carried on above makes it clear that there is a constant tension in between the rights of an individual and the needs of the society. Time and again, it happens that the state infers with the rights of individuals, citing one or other reason and the rights of such individual are suppressed. At times, it does become important to do so, but the line where the rights of an individual are being suppressed for the greater good instead of safeguarding the rights of the ones running the society raises various questions. The greatest example of this is the leaks of Edward Snowden which are deemed as unlawful in US as they apparently cover the confidential information of the nation, which would not be for the greater good of the nation. But there are chances that this is being done to safeguard a certain few who are at the top of the government and the ones who are responsible for running the government, as was seen in the case of Hilarys email leaks. Hence, the thesis statement made at the start of this discussion proves true as the state should refrain from interfering with the rights of the individuals, and the same should be done only when it comes to the greater good. The discussion highlighted that only when it was in the best interests and the common good of the society, were the liberties which are presented with the citizens, were restricted. Even though the fundamental rights of the individuals is done quite often by the state, the reasons for doing the same is not as the eroding the available rights, but for protecting the welfare of the public. And the main question which was raised in the beginning on whether the needs of the society be given more importance than the individual rights, it can be concluded that that the needs of society are always given more significance in comparison to the rights which the individuals have. And in order to balance this, there is a need to adopt the recommendations which have been pre sented in the previous segment of this discussion. References Bayer, R. (2007). The continuing tensions between individual rights and public health. Talking Point on public health versus civil liberties. EMBO Rep., 8(12), 10991103. BBC. (2004). Human rights and security: The right balance?. Retrieved from https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/3537793.stm: Brink, D.O. (2013). Mill's Progressive Principles. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bykvist, K. (2010) Utilitarianism: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Chin, N.C. (2016). More freedom of speech, but some restrictions necessary: DPM. Retrieved from: https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/more-freedom-speech-some-restrictions-necessary-dpm CNN Library. (2016). Mumbai Terror Attacks Fast Facts. Retrieved from: https://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/18/world/asia/mumbai-terror-attacks/index.html Ebeling, R.M. (2016). Individual Rights Must Be Preserved Without Interference from the Government. Retrieved from: https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/individual-rights-must-be-preserved-without-interference-from-the-government/ Foulkes, A.E. (2003). The Individual and Society. Retrieved from: https://fee.org/media/4391/foulkes0903.pdf Hillier, S.M., Barrow, G.M. (2014). Aging, the Individual, and Society (10th ed.). Sydney, NSW: Cengage Learning. Hossain, F.M.A., Ali, M.K. (2014). Relation between Individual and Society. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2(8). Kaur, N. (2005). History Of Education. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. Kinsella, S. (2009). Libertarian Papers. Portland: BookBaby. Lacewing, M. (2014). Philosophy for A2: Unit 4: Philosophical Problems. Oxon: Routledge. Lin, Y., Duan, X., Zhao, C. (2012). Systems Science: Methodological Approaches. Boco Raton, FL: CRC Press. Makhija, S. (2011). Privacy Media Law. Retrieved from: https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/privacy/privacy-media-law Mellahi, K., Morrell, K., Wood, G. (2010). The Ethical Business: Challenges and Controversies (2nd ed.). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Potthast, T., Meisch, S. (2012). Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Ethical Perspectives on Land Use and Food Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers. Rawls, J. (2011). Political Liberalism: Expanded Edition. West Sussex: Columbia University Press. Schudson, M. (2015). The Right to Know versus the Need for Secrecy: The American Experience. Retrieved from: https://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2015/05/05/4229734.htm Spielvogel, J.J. (2013). Western Civilization: A Brief History (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth. Starkman, R. (2016). Is National Security More Important Than Individual Right To Privacy? A Student Debate. Retrieved from: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ruth-starkman/is-national-security-more_b_8566994.html The Telegraph. (2007). How much should the state intervene in family life?. Retrieved from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/yourview/1571918/How-much-should-the-state-intervene-in-family-life.html Truell, R. (2016). Social work is about the whole of society, not just individuals. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/social-care-network/2016/jun/23/social-work-individuals-community-society Wong, A., Wardega, A. (2015). Humankind and Nature: An Endangered System of Interdependence in Todays Globalising World. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Bayer, R. (2007). The continuing tensions between individual rights and public health. Talking Point on public health versus civil liberties. EMBO Rep., 8(12), 10991103. BBC. (2004). Human rights and security: The right balance?. Retrieved from https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/3537793.stm: Brink, D.O. (2013). Mill's Progressive Principles. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Burg, W.V.D. (2016). The Dynamics of Law and Morality: A Pluralist Account of Legal Interactionism (2nd ed.). Oxon: Routledge. Bykvist, K. (2010) Utilitarianism: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Chin, N.C. (2016). More freedom of speech, but some restrictions necessary: DPM. Retrieved from: https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/more-freedom-speech-some-restrictions-necessary-dpm CNN Library. (2016). Mumbai Terror Attacks Fast Facts. Retrieved from: https://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/18/world/asia/mumbai-terror-attacks/index.html Dyzenhaus, D., Thorburn, M. (2016). Philosophical Foundations of Constitutional Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ebeling, R.M. (2016). Individual Rights Must Be Preserved Without Interference from the Government. Retrieved from: https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/individual-rights-must-be-preserved-without-interference-from-the-government/ Foulkes, A.E. (2003). The Individual and Society. Retrieved from: https://fee.org/media/4391/foulkes0903.pdf Glendinning, S. (2016). Derrida and the philosophy of law and justice. Law and Critique, 27(2). Hamilton, M.S., Spiro, G.W. (2014). The Dynamics of Law (4th ed.). Oxon: Routledge. Hillier, S.M., Barrow, G.M. (2014). Aging, the Individual, and Society (10th ed.). Sydney, NSW: Cengage Learning. Hossain, F.M.A., Ali, M.K. (2014). Relation between Individual and Society. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2(8). Kaur, N. (2005). History Of Education. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. Kellogg, C. (2009). Law's Trace: From Hegel to Derrida. Oxon: Routledge. Kinsella, S. (2009). Libertarian Papers. Portland: BookBaby. Lacewing, M. (2014). Philosophy for A2: Unit 4: Philosophical Problems. Oxon: Routledge. Lin, Y., Duan, X., Zhao, C. (2012). Systems Science: Methodological Approaches. Boco Raton, FL: CRC Press. Makhija, S. (2011). Privacy Media Law. Retrieved from: https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/privacy/privacy-media-law McElroy, W. (2004). Individual Rights vs. Identity Politics. Retrieved from: https://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1413 Mellahi, K., Morrell, K., Wood, G. (2010). The Ethical Business: Challenges and Controversies (2nd ed.). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Potthast, T., Meisch, S. (2012). Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Ethical Perspectives on Land Use and Food Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers. Rawls, J. (2011). Political Liberalism: Expanded Edition. West Sussex: Columbia University Press. Schudson, M. (2015). The Right to Know versus the Need for Secrecy: The American Experience. Retrieved from: https://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2015/05/05/4229734.htm Social Media Examiner. (2012). How Free Speech and Social Media Fit Together. Retrieved from: https://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/how-free-speech-and-social-media-fit-together/ Spielvogel, J.J. (2013). Western Civilization: A Brief History (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth. Starkman, R. (2016). Is National Security More Important Than Individual Right To Privacy? A Student Debate. Retrieved from: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ruth-starkman/is-national-security-more_b_8566994.html The Telegraph. (2007). How much should the state intervene in family life?. Retrieved from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/yourview/1571918/How-much-should-the-state-intervene-in-family-life.html Truell, R. (2016). Social work is about the whole of society, not just individuals. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/social-care-network/2016/jun/23/social-work-individuals-community-society Wacks, R. (2015). Understanding Jurisprudence: An Introduction to Legal Theory (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wong, A., Wardega, A. (2015). Humankind and Nature: An Endangered System of Interdependence in Todays Globalising World. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Lauren Trauscht Essays - Conceptions Of God, God, Jewish Theology

Lauren Trauscht 3'rd Hour 3-1-00 3'rd Quarter Essay I do not believe God exists. I have many reasons why I think that there is no God. One of my many reasons is that there is no way that one man could have created the earth that we are living in today. The Bible is just one big made up story, and who created God if there is a God? If you think about it, "God" did not create this earth. How can one man create this earth that we are living on today? That is impossible. Then there is the Bible. The Bible is just one big book with a bunch of stories that are totally bunk. Someone had to sat down and make up all those stories, because how could anybody keep up on the Bible for thousands and thousands of years? The stories in there had to have gotten mixed up. My last theory on why I think that God does not exist is if there is a God, then who created God? There had to have been some other God or something like that to make him the chosen one. Think about it. All in all, I hope that all of my thoughts on whether God exists or not got you to think about whether he does or does not. My three points are: about creating this earth, the Bible being just one big made up story, and if there is a God then who created God gave me the opinion that I have today.

Persuasion Case Study

Persuasion Case Study Persuasion is a process whose aim is to change an individual’s or group’s behavior or attitude towards a certain belief, attitude, or behavior. Persuasion entails careful presentation of arguments, facts, and/or supporting evidence in a compelling and suitable environment.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Persuasion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The nature of Monica’s dilemma is such that she rightfully deserves a pay rise on account of her commendable performance in her job. In fact, this is one of the motivating factors that saw her accept the job, despite the fact that it paid 5 percent lower in comparison with her previous job. Her boss, Allan, had promised Monica that upon the completion of 90 days, she would undergo performance evaluation and her salary would be reviewed upwards. Her boss has even commended her on several occasions for a job well-done but one month past the expiry of the 90 days period, she is yet to be evaluated. Monica’s boss is under pressure to â€Å"make the numbers† and has been so preoccupied that he has not had the time to discuss the issue with Monica. On the other hand, Monica is fearful that she might get de-motivated if the performance evaluation is not done now as she might feel as though she is getting less than her worth. Monica has been unsuccessful at persuading her boss to ensure that the performance evaluation is conducted as promised on account of poor communication strategy. Monica’s approach to her boss as regards her pending performance evaluation was gentle and soft. She jokingly reminds her boss of his promise and her boss probably never took her seriously. As such, Monica did not present her case in a careful and panned manner. She also lacked the necessary documentation, data and facts to argue her case, although these are some of the key prerequisites of persuasion. When asking for a pay rise, Mo nica might have preferred to use such strategies as hint dropping and â€Å"joking† as she probably assumed that her boss was fully aware of the promise to review her performance and give her the pay rise that she deserved once the 90 days are over.Advertising Looking for case study on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, she did not wish to offend him and so she opted for a soft stance. Unfortunately, this strategy did not work because there was no effective communication between Monica and her boss. Seeing that her boss is under pressure to â€Å"make the number†, Monica has to adopt a more persuasive strategy than she is currently using. This is the only way for her to be listened to. One such strategy that Monica can embrace is to propose to her boss to give her additional responsibilities as a way of enabling the company achieve its goal. Definitely, her boss is bound to notice her amid his busy schedule. Then, Monica can seize this opportunity to arrange for an appointment when they can get to discuss her impending performance evaluation and salary increment.

Bioterrorism In America Essays

Bioterrorism In America Essays Bioterrorism In America Paper Bioterrorism In America Paper Bioterrorism is a word that gained much attention in the United States of America and other developed countries during the recent years. Even though biological weapons were tried by different countries during World War II, the potential of these weapons in causing a mass destruction silently have made them the preferred weapon for terrorist activities. These ‘weapons of mass destruction’ can produce devastating results as they are powerful enough to eradicate people from a whole nation. Intelligence reports reporting that extremist groups are planning to attack few developed countries, have made these countries go on red alert many times. These countries have understood the need for strengthening their public health mechanisms and disease control organizations like CDC, and other defense mechanisms to avert the occurrence of a bioterrorism event. There is no universally accepted definition for bioterrorism. WHO (World Health Organization) has defined bioterrorism as the use of biological agents in terrorism which includes the malevolent use of bacteria, toxins or viruses against people, plants and animals (WHO, 2007). The looming threat of bioterrorism started haunting United States of America since 1998 (No-authors-listed, 1999). The initial biological threats were due to the spread of anthrax powder containing letters. On October 30th 1998, three letters containing anthrax were sent to health clinics in Tennessee, Kentucky and Indiana states. Similar reports of anthrax contaminated letters were obtained by the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) till December 23 1998. There were similar threats telephonically received at the public health agencies saying that ventilation systems of a few buildings were contaminated with anthrax. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) started investigating these reports and threats and they found that these were all hoaxes. But later on, CDC surveillance team identified about 22 cases of anthrax in the same year, out of which majority of cases were from New Jersey, Florida, New York city and District of Columbia. Out of these, 12 cases were having cutaneous anthrax and 10 cases were having confirmed inhalational anthrax. Majority of these patients were US postal department personnel who contracted this disease when these anthrax containing letters were sent through high-speed sorting machines, handled or when opened (No-authors-listed, 2001). Later on, five of these inhalational anthrax patients died due to the disease. Centres for Disease Control (CDC) has classified Bioterrorism agents/diseases into three categories entitled Category A, B and C, based on the priority. The highest priority is given to diseases which can result in high mortality rates, cause public panic, needs special public health preparedness and are easily transmitted from one person to another. These diseases are classified as Category A diseases. Category B includes diseases that are moderately easy to disseminate, which can produce moderate levels of mortality and morbidity, and which require specific enhancements of CDC’s diagnostic capacity. Category C includes disease that can be genetically modified in future and used for bioterrorism activities due to the ease of production, availability, and the ability to cause high mortality and morbidity rates. The diseases according to the different categories are given in Table 1. Based on these categories, the preventive strategies, planning and preparation of health and other law enforcement agencies differ. Anthrax is an acute bacterial infection caused by Bacillus anthracis. The disease occurs when human beings come into contact with the spores of the bacteria. It can infect the human being through contact, inhalation, and ingestion or by insect bites. Anthrax is a zoonotic disease and human to human spread of anthrax is not reported. It can cause cutaneous anthrax (on direct contact with spores), inhalational anthrax (by inhaling the spores), gastrointestinal anthrax or oropharyngeal anthrax (after consumption of spore contaminated material). Cutaneous anthrax is manifested as a localized cutaneous lesion that progresses through papular, vesicular and pustular stages to form an ulcer with blackened necrotic eschar surrounded by brawny edema. Inhalational anthrax is characterized by the presence of increasing fever, dyspnea, stridor, hypoxia and hypotension, with a symmetric mediastinal widening seen radiologically due to hemorrhagic mediastinitis. The symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax are variable and include fever, nausea and vomiting, bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain and occasionally, rapidly developing ascitis. The major findings of oropharyngeal anthrax are fever, sore throat, dysphagia, painful regional lymphadenopathy and toxemia. The diagnosis of anthrax is confirmed by the identification of bacteria in body fluids and skin scrapings by staining methods, and by using polymerase chain reaction method to detect spores of B. anthracis. Anthrax is treated by using antibiotics like penicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline or chloramphenicol. Botulism Botulism is a paralytic disease caused by the neurotoxins released by Clostridium botulinum, which begins with cranial nerve involvement and progresses caudally to involve extremities. Botulism is of different types. Cases can be classified as food-borne botulism (from pre-formed toxin in food contaminated with the bacteria), wound botulism (from wound infected with C. botulinum), and infant botulism (by ingestion of spores and production of botulinum toxin in the intestines). Botulinum toxin is considered as one of the deadliest toxins found in nature. It is proposed that terrorists may use botulinum toxin to contaminate food material extensively leading to mass mortality. The unsuspecting nature of this disease (being a naturally occurring problem), the lethality of the toxin and the ability for easy administration to a large population within a short span of time makes this agent a deadly weapon in the hands of terrorists. Plague Plague is an acute febrile zoonotic disease caused by infection with Yersinia pestis. Although human cases are curable, plague is one of the most virulent and potentially lethal infectious diseases ever known. It can infect human beings through insect bites, respiratory droplets from infected person, or from exposure to infected tissues. Plague occurs in different clinical forms like bubonic plague (characterized by regional lymphadenitis), septicemic plague (septicemia occurs), pneumonic plague (due to hematogenous spread to lungs) and pharyngeal plague (due to pharyngitis caused by infection from droplets). The deadly potential of plague to cause epidemics is well documented. In United States, the last outbreak of urban plague occurred in Los Angeles in 1924 and 1925. Plague is treated with antibiotics like gentamicin, tetracyclines and chloramphenicol. Smallpox Even though WHO declared in 1980 that smallpox is eradicated after the last case of smallpox was reported in 1977 from Somalia, there is a possibility that this pox virus caused disease may be used by terrorists to cause panic among people. Human beings are the only reservoir of this disease. Smallpox is spread through close contact. The disease is characterized by the presence of high grade fever, macular rash, and progression to vesicular and pustular lesions. Even though the chances of reintroduction of this disease are low, if reintroduced, this disease may confuse healthcare providers with other similar respiratory infections where there will be high grade fever and rashes. The disease is diagnosed by the identification of antigens in serum and polymerase chain reaction test to detect the pox virus DNA. Tularemia Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis. It is spread through the bites of a tick, or through inhalation. It can cause oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal tularemia, glandular tularemia, oculoglandular tularemia, pulmonary tularemia and typhoidal tularemia. Usual symptoms include high grade fever, chills, headache, generalized myalgias and arthralgias. The disease, if untreated can cause a mortality of up to 30%. But with appropriate treatment, the mortality is less than 1%. Can we stop Bioterrorism? This is a question which many of the developing countries would be looking at now. The answer to this question may be in the negative, at least for the time being. It is very difficult to stop the bioterrorism acts presently even with a well equipped intelligence network and well established state and public administration systems. It is very difficult to detect a bioterrorism act before it gets to show up by a substantial population being affected. The usual agents used by the extremists are usually not detected rapidly, and usually spreads rapidly among the population. From a single point of source, these diseases may silently spread across the nation without being evident due to the rapid migration of people from one place to another. There were suggestions that restricting the genome data would stop bioterrorism as this would make it difficult to modify the genetic data by genetic engineering to change the virulence and resistance properties of the organism, to make it more lethal. But an article published in 2002 shows that restricting the genome data would not prevent bioterrorism (Read Parkhill, 2002). In the present situation, the best measure that can be adopted is to take preventive measures by equipping health care providers, public health departments, State and public administration departments and law and order departments to handle a situation where a bioterrorism event occurs. There should be constant surveillance on the occurrence of suspect diseases to ensure that no bioterrorist activity exists behind the occurrence of the disease. Surveillance measures CDC advocates the adoption of surveillance measures to counteract bioterrorism. The surveillance measures are divided into measures that are specific for particular diseases and other general measures. Surveillance for specific diseases include the surveillance for anthrax and smallpox, which are commonly expected diseases in bioterrorism acts. Surveillance preventive measures for anthrax The most important measure is timely recognition and detection of the disease. Health care providers should be adequately trained in detecting this disease. The easiest way of detecting the occurrence of this disease is the development of autonomous detection systems that can detect the occurrence of a biologic agent like the spores of anthrax bacilli. Such an autonomous detection system has been installed in many of the postal distribution centers across the United States (Meehan et al. , 2004). This step would help in the timely identification of the existence of a bioterrorism event, which can help in management planning, rescue and evacuation, decontamination, quarantine, and treatment of individuals exposed to the disease. Public health officials are urged to take frequent samples of air and scrapings from the surfaces of buildings for detection of the existence of anthrax bacilli. These samples should be evaluated using the polymerase chain reaction technique for the detection of genetic material of B. anthracis. These devices are very expensive, but are very sensitive and specific in detecting the organism. Once established after validation, these systems would give rapid results which would buy more time in taking preventive measures to restrict the disease occurrence. Surveillance preventive measures for Smallpox (CDC, 2006b) Smallpox is currently nonexistent in this world. This makes it difficult to be detected by the laboratories during the routine tests. National laboratories should be enabled and alerted to do the appropriate tests in case of a suspected epidemic so as to detect the disease at the right time. The positive predictive values of the tests for smallpox are low. This makes clinical detection the most important measure in case identification. Health care providers should be trained in detecting smallpox case detection and guidelines should be established to detect and take preventive measures for restricting the spread of this disease. There is an algorithm provided by the CDC to evaluate patients with smallpox which is freely available in the net at www. bt. cdc. gov/agent/smallpox/diagnosis/evalposter. asp . In suspected patients, lab testing should be done to detect the existence of this disease. If the lab tests turn out to be positive, the occurrence should be reported to state/local public health authorities. Measures should be taken to isolate and quarantine the affected persons and their relatives to prevent further spread of the disease. Contact tracing should be done thoroughly and they should be vaccinated. The remaining people in that area should be given smallpox vaccination to enable immunity in them to overcome this attack. This should be followed by a well conducted epidemiological investigation to identify the source of infection. Identification of the most likely source of infection should be supported by the identification of the population at risk, and the chain of outbreak of the disease. General surveillance measures General surveillance measures should include the detection of disease patterns b y by the health care providers. An unusual pattern of disease outbreak should point fingers to the possibility of an intentional outbreak of the disease. The disease occurrence pattern should be studied in detail using epidemiological methods to identify the disease clusters, the impact of geographical and environmental factors on the spread of the disease and the temporal association of cases with the index case. This information should be collected from different centers and should be provided to CDC to evaluate the disease pattern and take necessary actions to curtail the spread of disease. Infection-control personnel should be aware of the disease occurrence and should be able to recognize the disease as early as possible to alert the health care system. State health care departments should take necessary steps to educate and train health care professionals and other related personnel in detecting and aborting a bioterrorism event. Preparation Planning Public health emergency response system should be established that can prepare the community in facing a bioterrorist attack. CDC, National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH) and Division of Emergency and Environmental Health Services (EEHS) have formed a public health emergency response guide to counteract a bioterrorist attack. These guides are used in educating and providing guidance to health care providers, for facing an attack (CDC, 2006a). Guidelines for protecting buildings and environments from bioterrorist attacks are also available with CDC. Bioterrorism readiness plan has been formulated to incorporate health departments and other administrative and law and order departments to take the required steps in preventing an attack, and in the event of an attack, to ensure that the casualties due to the disease attack are limited. Conclusion Bioterrorist attacks are predictable to a certain extent and are preventable to a certain level. But these events are not completely preventable at present. The best measure to do in case of an attack is to take preventive measures to avoid further occurrence and to limit the spread of the attack. These should be given utmost priority in the public health system. There should be a coordinated activity from various departments to ensure that the nation remains safe in case of a bioterrorist attack. Systems have been developed and put in place to counteract biological attacks. How far these systems are effective in preventing casualties will be shown only when these systems are put to the real test.

Feasibility Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Feasibility Study - Essay Example As a direct function of this, a litany of different programs and initiatives have been discussed and analyzed as a means of promoting health and healthful living to these young members of society. It has become painfully evident within the past several years that school programs alone art ineffective as a means of promoting such a change. In such a way, it is the belief and recommendation of this particular author that one of the most successful means by which a reduction in childhood obesity can be accomplished is with regards to utilizing many of the government owned and community operated playgrounds and parks as community centers that during key times of the week offer play activities, exercise, and help instruction to both parents and their children as a means of seeking to affect a positive influence upon the overall level of obesity that is noted within current society. Establishment of Feasibility: Ultimately, the low startup cost that is engendered with regards to the specif ic plan is one of the reasons that make it highly feasible for startup. Moreover, as the facilities already exist within the extant environment, it is not necessary for such a program to purchase and/or outfit a new or existing facility as a means of hosting such programs/courses (Landow & Ebdon, 2012). Furthermore, as has been mentioned briefly in the introduction, the overall need and demand for such programs has only increased as the overall incidence of childhood and adolescent obesity has subsequently increase within the environment. Accordingly, from a cursory overview of existing programs, both state and private, it can be inferred that a deficit in supply for such programs exists within the current market as compared to the demand. Naturally, the overall feasibility goes far beyond the place required to perform such programs and/or the level of interest that might be exhibited within the community (Liessmann, 1987). A litany of other startup costs and potential problems that must be face will be discussed in a certain level of length within the preceding sections. Competitor Analysis: One unique factor of the current market with regards to programs specifically targeting the exercise and health of adolescent to struggle with obesity is the fact that these almost invariably leverage government funding and operate as a public partnership. Although such a business model almost invariably defines the current market, it is the belief of this analysis that a public/private partnership could effectively leverage many of the existing strengths of current demand without necessarily reducing the overall level of demand that might be exhibited. Whereas the broad majority of these programs for public, private entities of also sought to engage with the need that is been reference; however, the degree and extent to which this unable to be accomplished has been limited due to the aforementioned limiting factors of purchasing a specific place and outfitting it to meet the needs of the stakeholders concerned. Financing One particular aspect of the public-private partnership that has been discussed above which will be beneficial is with regards to the issue of financing. Previous ventures into this field have noted that it is difficult if not impossible to achieve a level of sufficient funding based solely upon the